A punchboard is a game board, primarily consisting of a number of holes which was used once for lottery playings.
History
Punchboards were originally used in the eighteenth century for gambling purposes. A local tavern owner would constuct a game board out of wood, drill small holes in it, and fill each hole with a small piece of paper. After a patron buyes the punchboard, he would puncture one of the holes in the paper with a nail. If the game piece contained a winning number, the patron won the prize.
Decline in use
In the nineteenth century, gamblers eventually drilled into their own holes (they knew where the big money was, because they made the board). The punchboard’s use started to decline.
Popular again
In the late 1800s, a new type of punchboard was introduced. This one involved putting paper in both the front and back of the hole (to help prevent operators from cheating). These new punchboards became popular to buy at drugstores, and they were sold with a metal stylus. The punchboard soon became increasingly similar to today’s lottery tickets.
Soon, the punchboard became cheap and easy to assemble, and the industry flourished. Noted gambling author John Scarne estimates that 30 million punchboards were sold in the years between 1910 to 1915. He also estimates that 50 million punchboards were sold in 1939 alone, during the peak of their popularity.
After the war
After World War II, use of the punchboard as a gambling tool began to decline because many people started to frown at its gambling-like nature, and the punchboard was outlawed in many states. However, the use of punchboards for advertisement were starting to gain popularity. Many companies started hiding goods such as bottles of beer and cigarettes inside punchboards. Zippo lighters reportedly sold more than 300,000 lighters through punchboard advertising between 1934 and 1940.
Larceny
People have been cheating on punchboards ever since they were first invented. Many operators know where the big prize holes are; they used to create punchboards with very few holes so they could easily track the big money.
Other gamblers could make a dirty deal with the costumers: give the costumer a “map” of where the big prizes are on the punchboard. This came to prevention by the use of serial numbers: the costumer would present the slip to the operator, and if the serial numbers matched, the costumer was declared a winner.
Other references in popular culture
The movie The Flim-Flam Man starring George C. Scott involved the use of illegal gambling through punchboards.
Handgame, also known as stickgame, is a Native American guessing game.
Rules
Stickgame is played with a pair of bones, one white and one black or striped; and ten “point sticks,” which are used as counters. The two teams, one “defending” and one “guessing,” sit opposite one another; two members of the “defending” team take the bones and hide them under their hands while the others sing, drum, and attempt to distract the “guessing” team. The leader of the “guessing” team then must guess which defender is holding each of the two bones; for each incorrect guess, his team must turn over one stick to the defenders. Once the bones have been located, the teams reverse roles, and the game continues in this manner until one team holds all the sticks.
History
Handgame apparently originated with the Northern Paiute and Western Shoshone tribes of the Great Basin. Historical documentation states that games were once played for land use and female companions, and later on for horses and cattle. Today, handgame is played during traditional gatherings, powwows, and tribal celebrations. More recent versions of handgame played by tribes in the Northwest added an eleventh stick, or “kickstick”; this variation was promulgated by the Paiute medicine man Wovoka when he traveled to the Northwest to teach the Ghost Dance. Handgame bones and point sticks have been identified in ancient anthropological digs. Handgame continues to spread amongst Native American tribes; the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act classified it as Class I gaming, leaving its regulation to individual tribes.
References
Stewart Culin, Games of the North American Indian. 1907; reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1975.
Frances Densmore, Music of the Teton Sioux. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 61. Washington, D.C.: 1918.
“Numaga Days celebrates games.” Geralda Miller, Reno Gazette-Journal. September 2, 2004.
Fan-Tan, or fantan (Simplified Chinese: 番摊; Traditional Chinese: 番攤; pinyin: fāntān) is a form of gambling long played in China and among Chinese immigrants to America and other countries.
History
Fan-tan is no longer as popular as it once was, having been replaced by modern casino games, and other traditional Chinese games such as Mah Jong and Pai Gow. However, it was once a favorite pastime of the Chinese in America. Jacob Riis, in his famous book about the underbelly of New York, How the Other Half Lives (1890), wrote of entering a Chinatown fan-tan parlor: “At the first foot-fall of leather soles on the steps the hum of talk ceases, and the group of celestials, crouching over their game of fan tan, stop playing and watch the comer with ugly looks. Fan tan is their ruling passion.”
San Francisco’s large Chinatown was also home to dozens of fan-tan houses in the 19th century. The city’s former police commissioner Jesse B. Cook wrote that in 1889 Chinatown had 50 fan-tan games, and that “in the 50 fan tan gambling houses the tables numbered from one to 24, according to the size of the room.”
Fan-tan is still played at Macau casinos, where play goes on day and night, every day of the week, and bets can be made from 5 cents to 500 dollars.
The game
The game is simple. A square is marked in the centre of an ordinary table, or a square piece of metal is laid on it, the sides being marked 1, 2, 3 and 4. The banker puts on the table a double handful of small buttons, beads, coins, dried beans, or similar articles, which he covers with a metal bowl, or “tan koi”.
The players then bet on the numbers, setting their stakes on the side of the square which bears the number selected. (Players can also bet on the corners, for example between No. 2 and No. 3). When all bets are placed, the bowl is removed, and the “tan kun” or croupier uses a small bamboo stick to remove the buttons from the heap, four at a time, until the final batch is reached. If it contains four buttons, the backer of No. 4 wins; if three, the backer of No. 3 wins, and so on.
A 25% commission is deducted from the stake by the banker, and the winner receives five times the amount of his stake thus reduced.
The Card Game Fantan
Fantan is also the name of a card game, played with an ordinary pack, by any number of players up to eight. The, deal decided, the cards are dealt singly, any that are left over forming a stock, and being placed face downwards on the table. Each player contributes a fixed stake or ante. The first player can enter if he has an ace; if he has not he pays an ante and takes a card from the stock; the second player is then called upon and acts similarly till an ace is played. This (and the other aces when played) is put face upwards on the table, and the piles are built up from the ace to the king. The pool goes to the player who first gets rid of all his cards. If a player fails to play, having a playable card, he is fined the amount of the ante for every card in the other players hands.
The card game Sevens is also sometimes called ‘Fan Tan’
Faro is a card game, a descendant of Basset. It enjoyed great popularity during the 18th century, particularly in England and France, and in the 19th Century in the United States, particularly on the American Frontier, where it was practiced by ‘faro dealers’ such as the infamous Doc Holliday. It has since fallen completely out of fashion and is only practiced by dedicated Old West enthusiasts and Civil War re-enactors. Its name is believed to be a corruption of pharaoh, and refers to the Egyptian motif that commonly adorned French-made playing cards of the period.Faro is similar to the contemporary game of Mini-Baccarat.
Literary fiction
Faro is the game played in Aleksandr Pushkin’s short story The Queen of Spades.
Faro is also played in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov.
Movies
Faro is played by characters in saloons on the HBO series “Deadwood”.
Scenes involving the game of faro (with varying degrees of accuracy) appear in the Hollywood movies Wyatt Earp, starring Kevin Costner, and Tombstone, starring Kurt Russell as Wyatt Earp and Val Kilmer as Doc Holliday.
In the film The Sting, it is said that the gangster (and intended “mark”) Doyle Lonnegan (Robert Shaw) only plays faro when he goes out to casinos, and then only by himself.
The Kelly Criterion or as it is sometimes referred to as the Kelly formula is a formula used to maximize the long-term growth rate of repeated plays of a given gamble that has positive expected value. The formula specifies the percentage of the current bankroll to be bet at each iteration of the game. In addition to maximizing the growth rate in the long run, the formula has the added benefit of having zero risk of ruin, as the formula will never allow a loss of 100% of the bankroll on any bet. An assumption of the formula is that currency and bets are infinitely divisible, though this is met for practical purposes if the bankroll is large enough.The most general statement of the Kelly criterion is that long-term growth rate is maximized by finding the fraction f* of the bankroll that maximizes the expectation of the logarithm of the results. For simple bets with two outcomes, one involving losing the entire amount bet, and the other involving winning the bet amount multiplied by the payoff odds, the following formula can be derived from the general statement:
f* = (bp - q) / b
where
f* = percentage of current bankroll to wager;
b = odds received on the wager;
p = probability of winning;
q = probability of losing = 1 - p.
As an example, if a gamble has a 40% chance of winning (p = 0.40), but the gambler receives 2:1 odds on a winning bet, the gambler should bet 10% of her bankroll at each opportunity, in order to maximize the long-run growth rate of the bankroll.
For even-money bets (i.e. when b = 1), the formula can be simplified to:
f* = 2p - 1
The Kelly Criterion was originally developed by AT&T Bell Laboratories physicist John Larry Kelly, Jr, based on the work of his colleague Claude Shannon, which applied to noise issues arising over long distance telephone lines. Kelly showed how Shannon’s information theory could be applied to the problem of a gambler who has inside information about a horse race, trying to determine the optimum bet size. The gambler’s inside information need not be perfect (noise-free) in order for him to exploit his edge. Kelly’s formula was later applied by another colleague of Shannon’s, Edward O. Thorp, both in blackjack and in the stock market.
Here is a list of potential restrictions and regulations on private ownership of slot machines in the United States on a state by state basis. Note that these regulations are subject to change without notice and are not fully guaranteed to be completely accurate.
Players: 4
Age range: recommended for 12 and up
Setup time < 2 minutes
Playing time: WBF tournament games = 7.5 minutes per deal
Rules complexity; Medium
Strategy depth: High
Random chance: Low – high depending on variant played
Skills required: Memory, Tactics
Contract bridge, usually known simply as bridge, is a trick-taking card game of skill, and partly of chance, for four players, who form two partnerships (sides). The partners sit opposite each other. The game consists of two main parts – bidding (or auction) and play, after which the hand is scored.
The bidding ends with a contract, which is a declaration by one partnership that their side shall take a stated quantity (or more) of tricks, with specified suit as trump or without trumps. The rules of play are rather simple and similar to other trick-taking games.
Casino war is a casino card game based on the children’s game of War. The game is arguably one of the most easily understood casino card games, but it also has a relatively large house edge compared to other games.The game is normally played with six standard 52 card decks. The cards are ranked in the same way that cards in poker games are ranked, except that aces are always high.
The deal
After the player has placed a bet, the dealer and the player are each dealt one card.
If the player’s card is ranked higher than the dealer’s, the player wins even money.
If the dealer’s card is ranked higher than the player’s, the player loses the bet to the house.
Ties
A tie occurs when the dealer and the player each have cards of the same rank. In a tie situation, the player has two options:
The player can surrender, in which case the player loses half the bet.
The player can go to war, in which case the player must place an additional wager the same size as the first wager.
Going to war
If the player goes to war, the dealer burns three cards before dealing each of them an additional card. If the player’s card is ranked higher than or the same as the dealer’s, then the player wins an amount equal to the size of the original bet only. If the dealer’s card is ranked higher than the player’s, the player loses both the original bet and the “going to war” bet.
House advantage
The dealer and the player each have a 50% chance of winning, so this seems like an even money game. The house advantage, however, comes from what happens in the case of a tie.
Some casinos offer a bonus payout in the event of a tie after going to war.
The house advantage increases with the number of decks in play and decreases in casinos who offer a bonus payout. The house advantage for this game is over 2%.
Strategy
Surrendering has a slightly higher advantage for the house, so a player should never surrender.
References
Brisman, Andrew. American Mensa Guide to Casino Gambling: Winning Ways (Stirling, 1999) ISBN 080694837X
Point shaving, in organized sports, is a type of match fixing where the perpetrators try to prevent a team from covering a published point spread. Unlike other forms of match fixing, sports betting invariably motivates point shaving. A point shaving scheme generally involves a sports gambler and one or more players of a sports team. In exchange for a bribe, the player or players agree to ensure that their team will not cover the point spread. The gambler then wagers against that team.Point shaving occurs most frequently in amateur and collegiate sports, whose athletes are presumably more vulnerable to a gambler’s bribery than professionals. Professional-level players earn significant sums of money each year, whereas collegiate players are prevented by strict regulations from earning compensation for their play.
Basketball is a particularly easy medium for shaving points because of the scoring tempo of the game and the ease by which one player can influence key events. By deliberately missing shots or committing well-timed turnovers or fouls, a corrupt player can covertly ensure that his team fails to cover the point spread, without causing them to lose the game (or to lose so badly that suspicions are aroused). Although the NCAA has adopted a zero tolerance policy with respect to gambling activity by its players, some critics believe it unwittingly encourages point shaving due to its strict rules regarding amateurism, combined with the large amount of money wagered on its games.
Point shaving perpetrators
Henry Hill
Benny Silman
Stevin Smith
Richie Perry
Matthew Wood
References in popular culture
The 1974 movie The Longest Yard features a main character, Paul Crewe, who is thrown out of the NFL for point shaving. There was also a remake of The Longest Yard in 2005 staring Adam Sandler.
In an episode of The Sopranos, “The Rat Pack”, it is mentioned that New York mob boss Carmine Lupertazzi invented point shaving.
Cheating in casinos refers to actions which are prohibited by a casino’s rules. Cheating is usually illegal but the exact sanctions will depend on the jurisdiction in which the casino operates. In Nevada, cheating in a casino is a felony under Nevada law. In most other jurisdictions, specific statutes do not exist but cheating in a casino would likely be considered fraud and dealt with as such by the authorities.
Methods of cheating
The methods for cheating in a casino are often specific to individual games and include:
Pastposting
After a bet is won, one replaces smaller denomination chips with chips of large denomination.
Hand Mucking
Palming desirable cards then switching them for less desirable cards that the gambler holds.
Marking Cards During Play
Various methods.
Introducing Previously Marked Decks Into Play
Usually involves “inside” help, i.e., the collusion of casino employees. There are many different way to mark decks of cards, some of them very difficult to detect.
False Deals
Ability to deal the second card from the top (used in conjunction with marked cards), or the ability to deal the bottom card of the deck (used in conjunction with placing desirable cards at the bottom of the deck.)
False Shuffles and Cuts
Ability to seemingly mix and cut the cards while retaining certain cards or the whole deck in a desired order.
Slot Machines
Methods exist for altering the outcome of slot machine games.
Collusion
In poker games, the practice of two partners signalling to each other the values of their cards; this can be very difficult to detect.
How casinos combat cheating
Proper Procedure
This means certain standardized ways of shuffling cards, dealing cards, storing, retrieving and opening new decks of cards.
Eyes in the Sky
Most casinos have an extensive array of cameras and recorders which monitor and record all the action in a casino. Some casinos use facial recognition software to detect known cheats or card counters/advantage players as they enter the casino.
Software
Casinos use software to analyze game play to uncover any unusual betting patterns or winning patterns and thus discern cheaters (as well as non-cheating card counters and “advantage players”).
Video: Casino cheat Richard Marcus (World’s biggest casino baccarat scam demonstrated on national TV by the world’s most famous casino cheater, Richard Marcus.)
Biribi, or cavagnole, a French game of chance, prohibited by law since 1837. It is played on a board on which the numbers 1 to 70 are marked. The players put their stakes on the numbers they wish to back. The banker is provided with a bag from which he draws a case containing a ticket, the tickets corresponding with the numbers on the board. The banker calls out the number, and the player who has backed it receives sixty-four times his stake; the other stakes go to the banker. In the French army “to be sent to Biribi” is a cant term for being sent to the disciplinary battalion in Algeria.
References
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
In poker, players may often use slang terms for particular types of hands. Though most are recent neologisms, others date to poker’s antiquity. All such slang terms typically connect a common concept (from life experience or storytelling) to the hand, in order to more easily characterize its general status relative to other hands. The terms range from whimsical to bawdy, with some being of a racist, sexist, homophobic, or otherwise controversial nature.
The following lists should not be confused with “official” poker terminology.
Individual card slang
The following table lists slang terms commonly associated with individual cards:
Card
Slang name
A
Bullet, Rocket
K
Cowboy
K♥
Alexander
K♦
Ceasar
K♠
David
K♣
Charles (Charlemagne)
Q
Lady, Bitch, Girl, Cowgirl, Mop Squeezer
Q♥
Judith (may come from Bible)
Q♦
Rachel (may come from Bible)
Q♠
Black Bitch
J
Johnny, Jackal, Knave, Hook (play on shape), Valet (from French)
T
Dime
Snowman (play on shape), Ocho (from Spanish)
Hockey Stick,Walking Stick, Candy Cane (play on shape)
Nickel
Sailboat (play on shape)
Trey (standard usage, not slang), Crab (play on shape)
Deuce (standard usage, not slang), Duck (play on deuce), Quacker (play on duck)
Five-card hand slang
Hand
Slang name
Straight flush, ace to five
Steel wheel
Four of a kind
Book, Quads (e.g., “Quad Kings”)
Four of a kind, aces
Four Pips (Each ace has one pip)
Full house
Full boat, Boat, Full
A full house is commonly referred to as Xs full of Ys where X is the three of a kind and Y is the pair. For example, 555KK would be “fives full of kings”
Flush of hearts or diamonds
Pink, All Pink
Flush of clubs or spades
Blue, All Blue
Flush of clubs
Golf Bag, Puppy Feet, Puppy Toes, Pups
Straight, ten to ace
Broadway
Straight, ace to five
Wheel, Bicycle, Bike
Three of a kind
Trips (or Trip as in Ted has trip kings.), Set
In Hold ‘em the term “set” refers to when a player has a pair in the hole and one matching card on the board, with “trips” referring to a pair on the board and one in the hand or three of a kind on the board.
Three of a kind, kings
Klan Rally, Alabama Night Riders, Three Wise Men
Three of a kind, sixes
Devil’s hand, Mark of the Beast (referring to the Number of the Beast in the Book of Revelation)
Two pair, aces and eights
Dead Man’s Hand (hand held by Wild Bill Hickok when he was shot and killed)
Two pair
Two pair is commonly shorthanded as Xs up or Xs over Ys, with the top pair as X and the bottom pair as Y. For example, KK998 would be “kings up” or “kings over nines”.)
One pair, aces
Aces and spaces (a hand with one pair of aces, and nothing else. Used derogatorily, especially in games such as seven-card stud, where two pair is a typical winning hand)
Outside straight draw
Bobtail, Open-ended
An outside straight draw: cards of two different ranks could complete the high or low end of the straight (e.g., _3456_)
Outside straight flush draw
Big Bobtail
Inside straight draw
Gutshot, Belly buster
An inside straight draw: only cards of a single rank could complete the straight (e.g., 34_67)
Double inside straight draw
Double gutshot, Double belly buster
Double inside straight draw: cards of two different ranks could fill gaps in the straight (e.g., 2_456_8)
Texas hold’em slang
The following refer to hole (pocket) cards in Texas hold ‘em:
Starting hand
Slang name
AA
Pocket Rockets, American Airlines, Bullets, Two Pips
AK
Big Slick (originally referred to A♠K♠, but the name has become common for any Ace-King, especially suited), Anna Kournikova (looks good but rarely wins), Machine Gun (AK-47), Walking Back to Houston (“I can see you learned to play in Houston. Those Houston players would come to Dallas and play that ace-king, but they’d always end up against a pair of aces. That’s why we call that hand ‘Walking back to Houston.’” – T.J. Cloutier, quoted by Barry Greenstein)
AQ
Little Slick, Big Chick, Mrs. Slick
AJ
Blackjack, Ajax
A8
Dead Man’s Hand (by analogy with Wild Bill’s aces and eights)
A3
Baskin-Robbins (plays off the number 31: 31 Flavors), Friday The 13th (An ace played low would be considered equivalent to 1)
For example, a starting hand of 8-8 might be called “wired eights” or “eights wired”
In addition, two types of hands are called “blackjack hands”:
Hands which are naturals in blackjack: any ace with any face or ten.
Hands whose numeric total is 11: 9-2, 8-3, 7-4, 6-5. (In blackjack, such hands are very good for players.)
Omaha slang
Omaha slang is not as well developed as Texas Hold’em. The game is not as widely played, and there is a much greater variety of hands, since the pocket is four cards. In the hole in Omaha hold’em:
Hand
Slang name
A-K-4-7
Assault Rifle
Flop slang
The following terms refer to the flop in Omaha hold’em and Texas hold’em:
Flop
Slang name
Three different suits
Rainbow
Three face cards
Paint (can also be used to refer to any picture card. I need to hit paint indicates somebody who is looking for a J,Q,K.)
Three low cards
Rags, Ragged flop (cards unlikely to have helped anyone)
A bar bet is a bet made between two patrons at a bar. Bar bets can range from wagers about little-known trivia, such as obscure historical facts, to feats of skill and strength. Some bar bets are intended to trick the other party into losing.
Famous bar bets
The annual Midnight Sun baseball game played in Fairbanks, Alaska (the only game to be contested after midnight without the use of artificial lighting) was established in 1906 as the result of a bar bet. 2
Two of Tony Hawks’ books, Round Ireland With A Fridge (ISBN 0-091-86777-0) and Playing The Moldovans At Tennis (ISBN 0-091-87456-4), were written describing Hawks’ attempts to win two bar bets.
The film To Have and Have Not is supposedly the result of bar bet between Ernest Hemingway and Howard Hawks, with Hemingway betting Hawks that Hawks couldn’t make a good film from Hemingway’s worst novel.
It is widely believed that the creation of Scientology was the result of a bar bet between L. Ron Hubbard and Robert A. Heinlein. According to Scientology critic Lindsay this is “definitely not true”, no such bet was ever made, it would have been “uncharacteristic of Heinlein” to make such a bet, and “there’s no supporting evidence”.
Three Bar Bets Involving Fire. Daily Lush Magazine. Retrieved on 2005-12-19. — The Daily Lush describes a bar bet as being the “last remnant of a great American con artist tradition” and gives examples of bar bets.
Rub Cruit (October 1985). 175 Ways to Win a Free Drink: The Complete Book of Bar Bets. Dodd Mead. ISBN 0396085865.
Henny Youngman (1974). Bar bets, bar jokes, bar tricks. Citadel Press. ISBN 0806504048.
Alan Ericksen (1981). Bar games, bets and challenges. Warner Books. ISBN 0446906484.
Links
Gerry Riskin. Want to win a bar bet?. Amazing firms, amazing practices. Retrieved on 2005-12-19, 2005-10-14. — An example of a trick bar bet. Riskin describes a bar bet where the correct answer to the question about a photograph of a man tied to a chair is not the obvious one.
Even and Odd Permutations. Introduction to Group Theory. Retrieved on 2005-12-19. — Another trick bar bet. The trick lies in the even and odd parity of the initial and final conditions.
Professional boxing bout featuring Ricardo Dominguez (left) vs. Rafael Ortiz.
Boxing, also called pugilism, prizefighting (when referring to professional boxing) or the sweet science (a common nickname among fans) is a sport where two participants of similar weight fight each other with their fists in a series of one to three-minute intervals called “rounds”. In both Olympic and professional divisions, the combatants (called boxers or fighters) avoid their opponent’s punches while trying to land punches of their own. Points are awarded for clean, solid blows to the legal area on the front of the opponent’s body above the waistline, with hits to the head and torso being especially valuable. The fighter with the most points after the scheduled number of rounds is declared the winner. Victory may also be achieved if the opponent is knocked down and unable to get up before the referee counts to ten (a Knockout, or KO) or if the opponent is deemed too injured to continue (a Technical Knockout, or TKO). For record keeping purposes, a TKO is counted as a knockout. On boxers’ records, only KO’s are mentioned. Technical knockouts are usually only mentioned in contemporaneous news articles.
Governing bodies
Boxing has many governing bodies leaving no organization in overall control.
Numerous metaphors common to everyday speech derive from the sport of boxing. Some of these include:
Metaphor
Definition
he was rocked by that one
a fighter was hit by a punch with enough force to be dazed
not up to scratch
subpar, not able to do the task at hand (in the old days of boxing, boxers started the round by stepping over a scratch made in the ring, but if a boxer could not do this to keep the round going, he was said to be “not up to scratch”)
saved by the bell
rescued from defeat by dint of time running out, an unexpected turn of events, etc.
on (or against) the ropes
on the verge of being defeated
throw in the towel
to quit, give up. Traditionally, a boxer’s manager or trainer will throw a towel into the ring if he feels that his fighter cannot win and is endangering himself.
come out swinging
to throw oneself into an activity or competition; in boxing, to pursue the opponent aggressively (possibly recklessly)
going down swinging
to fail while in the process of trying
in one’s corner
on someone’s side, to help or cheer him on
down/out for the count
knocked out, defeated
sucker punch
hitting an opponent who is off his guard, unfairly taking advantage of a vulnerability
hitting below the belt
a grossly unfair attack (in everyday life, usually of a verbal nature)
punch drunk
dazed or incoherent (originally, from being repeatedly struck, can refer to dazes generally)
pull one’s punches
to hold back, withhold full force or attack
in the arena
to be participating, engaged
keep your guard up
to remain alert, on the defensive
punch above one’s weight
to compete against a more powerful opponent; to perform better than expected
Boxing in popular culture
Undisputed, (2002)
The Broken Place, a novel involving boxing; Shaara had been an amateur boxer.
Battling Butler (1926 film) Starring Buster Keaton
The Champ (1931 film)
Two-Fisted (1935 film) Comedy
Kid Galahad (1937 film) Starring Edward G. Robinson
Golden Boy (1937 stageplay) written by Clifford Odets
Golden Boy (1939 film) Starring William Holden and Barbara Stanwyck
Gentleman Jim (1942 film) Starring Errol Flynn
Body and Soul (1947 film) Starring John Garfield
Champion (1949 film) Starring Kirk Douglas
The Set-Up (1949 film) Starring Robert Ryan
Day of the Fight (1951 short subject) first film directed by Stanley Kubrick
On the Waterfront (1954 film) Starring Marlon Brando
The Harder They Fall (1956 film) Starring Humphrey Bogart
Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 film) Starring Paul Newman
Requiem for a Heavyweight (1956 TV play) Starring Jack Palance, written by Rod Serling
Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962 film) Starring Anthony Quinn, Jackie Gleason and Mickey Rooney
Kid Galahad (1962 film) Musical starring Elvis Presley
Golden Boy (1964 musical stageplay)
The Great White Hope (1970 film) Starring James Earl Jones and Jane Alexander
Fat City (1972 film) Starring Stacey Keach and Jeff Bridges
Rocky Oscar winning movie in 1976 and its sequels, starring Sylvester Stallone (also scriptwriter)
The Main Event (1979 film) Starring Barbra Streisand and Ryan O’Neal
The Champ (1979 film) Starring Jon Voight, Faye Dunaway, and Rick Schroeder; remake of 1931 film
The Prize Fighter (1979 film), starring Don Knotts and Tim Conway
Raging Bull (1980 film) A classic boxing movie, starring Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
Spike of Bensonhurst (1988 film)
Tokyo Fist (1995 film)
The Great White Hype (1996 film) Starring Samuel L Jackson and Jeff Goldblum
When We Were Kings (1997 film) The story of Muhammad Ali and George Foreman and The Rumble in the Jungle
24 7: Twenty Four Seven (1997 film) Starring Bob Hoskins
Don King: Only in America (TV movie) Starring Ving Rhames
The Hurricane (1999 film) Starring Denzel Washington as middleweight Rubin Carter
Billy Elliot, about a young dancer whose father and brother wanted to become a boxer, like Ken Buchanan
Girlfight (2000 film)
Ali (2001 film) Starring Will Smith
Champion (2002 film) South Korean film about Duk Koo Kim, a South Korean boxer who died after a bout against Ray Mancini
Undefeated (2003 TV movie) Starring John Leguizamo
Million Dollar Baby (2004 film) Multiple Oscar winner about a female boxer directed by Clint Eastwood
Virgin Gloves (2004) The first novel about a Gay prizefighter, by Alex Hutchinson
Against the Ropes (2004 film) Starring Meg Ryan as Jackie Kallen famous female boxing promoter
Black Cloud Directed by and starring Rick Schroder
The Calcium Kid (2004 film)
Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson (2004 film) Documentary directed by Ken Burns
Cinderella Man (2005 film) Based on the true story of Jim Braddock starring Russell Crowe.
The Contender 2005 Reality TV series
Hajime no Ippo A manga/anime about a young featherweight boxer
Activision Boxing, one of the first console games about boxing
Mike Tyson’s Punch-Out!! A Nintendo game. Later adapted to SNES as Super Punch-Out!!
EA Sports Fight Night 2004, Fight Night: Round 2 and Fight Night: Round 3 (formerly Knockout Kings).
Anasi, Robert (2003). The Gloves: A Boxing Chronicle. North Point Press. ISBN 0-865-47652-7
Fleischer, Nat, Sam Andre, Nigel Collins, Dan Rafael (2002). An Illustrated History of Boxing. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-806-52201-1
Fox, James A. (2001). Boxing. Stewart, Tabori and Chang. ISBN 1-584-79133-0
Halbert, Christy (2003). The Ultimate Boxer: Understanding the Sport and Skills of Boxing. Impact Seminars, Inc. ISBN 0-963-09685-0
Hatmaker, Mark (2004). Boxing Mastery : Advanced Technique, Tactics, and Strategies from the Sweet Science. Tracks Publishing. ISBN 1-884-65421-5
McIlvanney, Hugh (2001). The Hardest Game : McIlvanney on Boxing. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-658-02154-0
Myler, Patrick (1997). A Century of Boxing Greats: Inside the Ring with the Hundred Best Boxers. Robson Books (UK) / Parkwest Publications (US). ISBN 1-861-05258-8.
Silverman, Jeff (2004). he Greatest Boxing Stories Ever Told : Thirty-Six Incredible Tales from the Ring. The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-592-28479-5
U.S. Amateur Boxing Inc. (1994). Coaching Olympic Style Boxing. Cooper Pub Group. 1-884-12525-5
Basketball is a sport in which two teams of five players each try to score points on one other by throwing a ball through a hoop (the basket) under organized rules.
Since its invention in 1891, it has developed to become a truly international sport. Organized league play originated in the YMCA and early leagues were formed in colleges. Basketball eventually became a professional sport and is one of the few women’s sports which developed in tandem with men’s. The modern rules for women’s basketball become more similar to men’s each year. Even though it was originally an American sport, it quickly spread internationally and outstanding players and teams are found today all over the world.
Points are scored for passing the ball through the basket from above; the team with more points at the end of the game wins. The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it (dribbling) or passing it between teammates. Disruptive physical contact (foul) is not permitted and there are restrictions on how the ball can be handled (violations).
Through time, basketball has developed to involve common techniques of shooting, passing and dribbling, as well as players’ positions, and offensive and defensive structures. While competitive basketball is carefully regulated, numerous variations of basketball have developed for casual play. Basketball is also a popular spectator sport.
While competitive basketball is primarily an indoor sport, played on a basketball court, less regulated variations have become exceedingly popular as an outdoor sport among inner city groups, particularly African-Americans. Examples of these variations include streetball and one-on-one; a variation in which two players will use only a small section of the court (often no more than a quarter of a court) and compete to play the ball into a single hoop. Such games tend to be more physical than competitive indoor basketball, and emphasize individual dribbling and ball stealing skills over shooting and team play.
Outdoor basketball courts are commonly referred to as ‘blacktop’, a reference to the [asphalt] surface used on many outdoor recreation grounds. This term can apply regardless of the actual surface material used.
Sara Giauro shoots a three-point shot, FIBA Europe Cup for Women Finals 2005.
Variations and similar games
Variations of basketball are activities based on the game of basketball, using common basketball skills and equipment (primarily the ball and basket). Some variations are only superficial rules changes, while others are distinct games with varying degrees of basketball influences. Other variations include children’s games, contests or activities meant to help players reinforce skills. Most of the variations are played in informal settings without referees or strict rules.
Perhaps the single most common variation is the half court game. Only one basket is used, and the ball must be “cleared” – passed or dribbled outside the half-court or three-point line – each time possession of the ball changes from one team to the other. Half-court games require less cardiovascular stamina, since players need not run back and forth a full court. Half-court games also raise the number of players that can use a court, an important benefit when many players want to play.
Baseball is a team sport popular in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean and East Asia. The modern game was developed in the United States from early bat-and-ball games played in Britain, and it has become the national sport of the United States. It is a ball game in which a pitcher throws (pitches) a hard, fist-sized ball past the hitting area of a batter. The batter attempts to hit the baseball with a tapered, smooth, cylindrical bat that in professional baseball must be made out of wood. A team scores only when batting, by advancing counter-clockwise past a series of four markers called bases arranged at the corners of a diamond. Each base is 90 feet from the previous base. Baseball is sometimes called hardball to differentiate it from similar games such as softball.
Statistics
As with many sports, and perhaps even more so, statistics are very important to baseball. Statistics have been kept for the Major Leagues since their creation, and presumably statistics were around even before that. General managers, baseball scouts, managers, and players alike study player statistics to help them choose various strategies to best help their team.
Traditionally, statistics like batting average for batters—the number of hits divided by the number of at bats—and earned run average—approximately the number of runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings—have governed the statistical world of baseball. However, the advent of sabermetrics has brought an onslaught of new statistics that perhaps better gauge a player’s performance and contributions to his team from year to year.
Some sabermetrics have entered the mainstream baseball statistic world. On-base plus slugging (OPS) is a somewhat complicated formula that gauges a hitter’s performance better than batting average. It combines the hitter’s on base percentage—hits plus walks plus hit by pitches divided by plate appearances—with their slugging percentage—total bases divided by at bats. Walks plus hits per inning pitched (or WHIP) gives a good representation of a pitcher’s abilities; it is calculated exactly as its name suggests.
Also important are more specific statistics for particular situations. For example, a certain hitter’s ability to hit left-handed pitchers might cause his manager to give him more chances to face lefties. Some hitters hit better with runners in scoring position, so an opposing manager, knowing this statistic, might elect to intentionally walk him in order to face a poorer hitter.
Popularity
Baseball is most popular in East Asia and the Americas, although it is also popular in South America mainly in the northern portion of the continent as well as Brazil. In Japan, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Panama, Venezuela, Nicaragua, South Korea, and Taiwan, it is one of the most popular sports. The United States is the birthplace of baseball, and there it has long been regarded as more than just a “major sport” – it has been considered, for decades, the national pastime and Major League Baseball has been given a unique monopoly status by the United States Congress. Although three of the four most popular sports in North America are ball games — baseball, basketball and American football — baseball’s popularity grew so great that the word “ballgame” in the United States almost always refers to a game of baseball, and “ballpark” to a baseball field (except in the South, where “ballgame” is also used in association with football).
Baseball has often been a barometer of the fabled American “melting pot”, as immigrants from different regions have tried to “make good” in various areas including sports. In the 19th century, baseball was populated with many players of Irish or German extraction. A number of Native Americans had successful careers especially in the early 1900s. Italians and Poles appeared on many rosters during the 1920s and 1930s. Black Americans came on strong starting in the late 1940s after the barriers had been lifted, and continue to form a significant contingent. By the 1960s, Hispanics had started to make the scene, and had become a dominant force by the 1990s. In the 21st century, East Asians have been appearing in increasing numbers.
While baseball is perhaps the most popular sport in the United States and is certainly one of the two most popular along with football, it is difficult to determine which is more popular because of the wide discrepancy in number of games per season. For example, the total attendance for Major League games is roughly equal to that of all other American professional team sports combined, but football gets higher television ratings, both a function in part of the long (162-game) baseball season and short (16-game) football season.
Organized leagues
Baseball is played at a number of levels, by amateur and professionals, and by the young and the old. Youth programs use modified versions of adult and professional baseball rules, which may include a smaller field, easier pitching (from a coach, a tee, or a machine), less contact, base running restrictions, limitations on innings a pitcher can throw, liberal balk rules, and run limitations, among others. Since rules vary from location-to-location and among the organizations, coverage of the nuances in those rules is beyond this article.
Following is a list of organized leagues:
Youth Leagues
Little League, a youth program, headquartered in Williamsport, Pennsylvania (USA).
Pony Baseball, a youth program, headquartered in Washington, Pennsylvania (USA).
Dizzy Dean Baseball a youth program in the USA.
American Legion Baseball, a youth program, headquartered in Indianapolis, IN.
USSSA Baseball a youth and adult program, headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri (USA).
Ripken Baseball, a youth program, headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland (USA).
Babe Ruth League, a youth program, headquartered in Trenton, New Jersey (USA).
Moberly Midget League a youth program headquartered in Moberly, Missouri (USA).
High School
In the USA, the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) and each state association governs the play of baseball at the high school level.
Collegiate Level
List of Collegiate Summer Baseball Leagues
NCAA, including NCAA Division I and the College World Series, are collegiate level baseball programs played in the USA.
National Club Baseball Association (NCBA)
International Competition
Many international baseball events are coordinated by the International Baseball Federation, including The World Cup and The World Baseball Classic.
As an Olympic sport, see earlier section on the status of baseball in the Olympic games, and the article “Baseball at the Summer Olympics.”
Semi-professional baseball
National Semi-Pro Baseball Association
Professional baseball
Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States;
Minor League baseball in the United States;
Independent Baseball
Negro League baseball, defunct since 1958, in the United States.
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
Mexican Baseball
Japanese Baseball
Taiwan professional baseball
Korean Baseball Organization (KBO)
Australian Baseball
There are also smaller professional leagues in China, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and many others.
Picture of Fenway Park. Part of the “Green Monster” can be seen on the right side of this picture
References
Joe Brinkman and Charlie Euchner, The Umpire’s Handbook, rev. ed. (1987)
Bill James and John Dewan, Bill James Presents the Great American Baseball Stat Book, ed. by Geoff Beckman et al. (1987)
Bill James, The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, (ISBN 0743227220)
Robert Peterson, Only the Ball Was White (1970, reprinted 1984)
Joseph L. Reichler (ed.), The Baseball Encyclopedia, 7th rev. ed. (1988). (since 1871)
Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig, The Image of Their Greatness: An Illustrated History of Baseball from 1900 to the Present, updated ed. (1984)
Lawrence S. Ritter (comp.), The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It, new ed. (1984)
David Quentin Voigt, Baseball, an Illustrated History (1987)
Charles Euchner, The Last Nine Innings: Inside the Real Game Fans Never See (2006)
Jeff MacGregor, The New Electoral Sex Symbol: Nascar Dad, The New York Times (January 18, 2004)
Michael Mandelbaum, The Meaning of Sports, (PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-252-1).
Diamonds of the North: A Concise History of Baseball in Canada by William Humber (Oxford University Press, 1995).
Old Time Baseball and the London Tecumsehs of the late 1870s by Les Bronson, a recorded (and later transcribed) talk given to the London & Middlesex Historical Society on February 15, 1972. Available in the London Room of the Central Branch of the London Public Library.
Journal of Sport History (1988), A Critical Examination of a Source in Early Ontario Baseball: The Reminiscence of Adam E. Ford by UWO Professor Robert K. Barney and Nancy Bouchier.
The Beaver, Exploring Canada’s History October-November 1994, Baseball’s Canadian Roots: Abner Who? by Mark Kearney.
The Northern Game: Baseball the Canadian Way by Bob Elliott (Sport Classic, 2005).
‘The 1948 London Majors: A Great Canadian Team by Dan Mendham (unpublished academic paper, UWO, December 7, 1992).
An Eight-Page Indenture/ Instrument #33043 between The London and Western Trusts Company Limited, The Corporation of The City of London and John Labatt, Limited, dated December 31, 1936, and registered on title in the Land Registry Office for the City of London on January 2, 1937, conveying Tecumseh Park to the City of London along with $10,000 on the provisos that the athletic field be preserved, maintained and operated “for the use of the citizens of the City of London as an athletic field and recreation ground” and that it be renamed “The John Labatt Memorial Athletic Park.”
Heritage Baseball: City of London a souvenir program from July 23, 2005, celebrating the history of Labatt Park and London, Ontario’s 150th anniversary as an incorporated city.
Caesars Palace is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada. Caesars Palace is owned and operated by Harrah’s Entertainment. Caesars is located on the west side of the Strip, between the Bellagio and the Mirage.
Caesars has 3,348 rooms in five towers: Augustus, Centurion, Forum, Palace, and Roman. The Forum tower features guest suites with 1,000 square feet of space.
History
In 1962, Jay Sarno, a cabana motel owner, used ten million dollars that had been lent to him by the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund to begin plans for a hotel on land owned by Kirk Kerkorian. Sarno would later act as designer of the hotel he planned to construct.
Building of the 14-story Caesars Palace hotel began in 1962. That first tower would have 680 rooms on the 34 acre (138,000 m²) site.
Sarno struggled to decide on a name for the hotel. But he made the decision of calling it Caesars Palace with his thinking that the name Caesar would evoke thoughts of royalty because of Roman general Julius Caesar. Sarno thought that people should feel they were at a king’s home while at his hotel. The name of the hotel is often spelled “Caesar’s Palace”, although the real name is “Caesars Palace”, making everyone that stays there a “Caesar”.
Sarno contracted many companies to build the hotel, from the Roman landscapes it presents, to the water fountains that have been stages of various events and the hotel’s swimming pools.
On August 5, 1966, the hotel was inaugurated, with Andy Williams and Phil Richards providing entertainment; they both played Julius Caesar at a play that night. Two days later, Latin musician Xavier Cugat and salsa dancer Charo became the first couple to marry in the new establishment.
Soon after the hotel’s opening, Sarno bought the land from Kerkorian for five million dollars.
On December 31, 1967, Evel Knievel unsuccessfully tried to jump the hotel’s water fountain with his motorcycle.
On July 15, 1969, executives lay ground on an expansion area of the hotel, and they buried a time capsule in the area, but the time capsule was stolen days later.
In 1973, Del Webb company was contracted to make a 16 story building to add to the Palace’s number of rooms. That project was finished in 1974.
In 1980, Gary Wells gained much media coverage, and much physical suffering, when he unsuccessfully tried to leap over a water fountain at the Caesars Palace. He sustained injuries in many different parts of his body.
By the 1980s, Caesars Palace had become a boxing and gambling Mecca. Joe Louis, the former world Heavyweight champion boxer, worked at Caesars Palace as a greeter until his death in 1981. A statue of him would be erected soon after inside the hotel. Another professional boxer, South Korean Duk Koo Kim, went 14 rounds with Ray Mancini at the Palace in 1982, then collapsed in a coma and died. As a result, the number of rounds in a boxing title match was reduced to 12. Fights were (and still are) particularly beneficial to the casino, with high-rolling boxing fans hitting the gaming tables and slot machines before and after bouts, as well as wagering large sums at Caesars’ large sports book. Among the Caesars Palace’s most famous fights were The Battle of the Little Giants, the Sugar Ray Leonard vs. Thomas Hearns fights, the Larry Holmes vs. Gerry Cooney battle, Marvin Hagler versus Thomas Hearns, the fight in which Mike Tyson became world Heavyweight champion by knocking out Trevor Berbick and the fight between Leonard and Hagler. Most boxing fights were held at the hotel’s parking lot. Extra security measurements had to be taken for the fight between Holmes and Cooney, as both the KKK and black groups had threatened to shoot the boxers before the fight began; there were police snipers at the roof of Caesars Palace and adjacent hotels on the fight’s night.
Also during the 1980s, the hotel opened an Atari game room that had over 60 Atari video game arcade machines.
In 1989, Robbie Knievel successfully completed what his father could not do years before.
The hotel’s management wanted it to have a new, family-oriented atmosphere as the 1990s approached, a trend mirrored by many of the big Las Vegas resorts. This move was not strange to Las Vegas hotel owners, as most hotels there were planning to modernize anyway by adding more children features and making Las Vegas hotels seem more family friendly and less gambler oriented. As a consequence, big time boxing was one of the first things to leave Caesars Palace.
In 1992, The Forum Shops at Caesars opened; it was one of the very first venues in the city where shopping, particularly at high-end stores, was an attraction in itself. The fourth phase opened on October 22, 2004. It now has the 2nd built circular escalator in the USA. The other one is at the Westfield San Francisco Centre.
In 1994, the NBC game show Caesar’s Challenge was taped here.
Over the years, the hotel has been owned by various companies, including Sheraton and The Hilton International Corporation. Caesars Entertainment (originally known as Park Place Entertainment) bought the property in 1999, before the merger with Harrah’s.
Caesars has just opened the Roman Plaza, an open-air area with a cafe on the corner, and the Colosseum theater, where Céline Dion and Elton John are regular performers. The Colosseum was specifically built for Dion’s show, “A New Day,” a spectacular produced by former Cirque du Soleil director Franco Dragone. Dion’s show was also notable for having some of the highest ticket prices for any show in the city, with seats as high as $200 each; nonetheless, the show regularly sells out.
Many star performers, such as Liberace, Julio Iglesias, David Copperfield, and Gloria Estefan have performed at the hotel.
On October 2, 2004, big-time boxing returned to the Caesars Palace hotel, as Jeff Lacy, a former Olympic boxer, knocked out Syd Vanderpool in eight rounds in a fight between Super-middleweight world title challengers that was televised on Showtime.
WrestleMania IX, one of the periodic World Wrestling Federation spectacles promoted by Vince McMahon, was held here.
Currently, Caesars is in the process of another expansion, including a new hotel tower.
In 2005, Harrah’s Entertainment acquired Caesars Entertainment and became the owner of Caesars Palace.
On May 4, 2006, Mike Metzger became the first person to ever backflip on a motorcycle over the fountains.
In May of 2007, Bette Midler was announced as Dion’s formal replacement. Midler will reportedly only perform about 100 shows a year, with Elton John continuing to perform his popular Red Piano show 50 nights a year while Midler is on hiatus. After taking a three-year hiatus, Cher, following her Farewell Tour, is also returning to the stage with a three-year contract to perform 200 shows beginning May 6, 2008.
As of December 2007, Harrah’s Entertainment runs some of their corporate offices inside the Caesars Palace Resort.
Future
With the success of the Augustus Tower, Harrah’s Entertainment is planning a $1 billion expansion and upgrade to the famed resort. The expansion will include another hotel tower and a sports complex replacing the events center. The timeline for construction was undisclosed.
New features include:
A new 29-story, 1,017-room hotel tower adjacent to the Palace Tower, which will frame the pool area at the back of the property along with an extension of the existing Convention Center.
An additional 37,000 sq ft (3,400 m²) of casino space and about 110,000 sq ft (10,000 m²) of added retail and restaurants will cover the area closest to the Strip replacing the new outdoor Roman Plaza.
A “pedestrian promenade”, with several decorative fountains surrounded by landscaping which will guide strip-walkers into Caesar’s domain. Underneath the promenade, Caesars will excavate a parking garage, with 389 valet-parking spaces.
Film history
Hells Angels on Wheels 1967
Where It’s At 1969
The Electric Horseman 1979
Pleasure Palace
History of the World, Part I 1981
Oh God, You Devil 1984
You Ruined My Life 1987
Rain Man 1988
Hearts are Wild 1992
Caesars Challenge 1993, a game show
Fools Rush In 1997
Friends 1999
The Strip 1999
Ocean’s Eleven 2001
Rush Hour 2 2001
Dreamgirls 2006
Category 6: Day of Destruction
Iron Man 2008
In the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Caesars Palace appears in the fictional city of Las Venturas, but with the name Caligula’s Palace. The Casino is a major part of the game’s plot, in which the main character must pull off a robbery heist on the casino, which is run by the mafia.
A&E had a reality show called Caesars 24/7 showing behind the scenes at Caesars. The jobs highlighted by the show ranged from security and concierge to “The Grape Goddess” and “Shadow Dancers.” Many visitors were documented as well. The show ran for two seasons.
During The Simpsons episode Viva Ned Flanders, Homer Simpson stays at a place similar to Caesars, but was named Octavions Palace after his adopted son and great-grand nephew.
Amenities and entertainment
Caesars offers additional attractions including:
Exotic cars showroom
Fall of Atlantis — free show
Festival Fountain — free show
Pure Nightclub a 36,000 sq ft (3,300 m²) nightclub
Free shuttle to sister property Rio Hotel and Casino approximately every thirty minutes.
The Pussycat Dolls Lounge, an adjunct of Pure nightclub.
In February of 2006, a section of the casino was themed to match the Pussycat Dolls Nightclub and is called the Pussycat Dolls Casino.
A playing card is a typically hand-sized piece of heavy paper or thin plastic used for playing card games. A complete set of cards is a pack or deck. Playing cards are often used as props in magic tricks, as well as occult practices such as cartomancy, and a number of card games involve (or can be used to support) gambling. As a result, their use sometimes meets with disapproval from some religious groups (such as a minority of conservative Christians). They are also a popular collectible (as distinct from the cards made specifically for collectible trading card games). Specialty and novelty decks are commonly produced for collectors, often with political, cultural, or educational themes. One side of each card (the “front” or “face”) carries markings that distinguish it from the others and determine its use under the rules of the particular game being played, while the other side (the “back”) is identical for all cards, usually a plain color or abstract design. In most games, the cards are assembled into a “deck” (or “pack”), and their order is randomized by a procedure called “shuffling” to provide an element of chance in the game.
Some typical Anglo-American playing cards.
Playing card symbols in Unicode
The Unicode standard defines 8 characters for card suits in the Miscellaneous Symbols block, from U+2660 to U+2667:
U+2660dec: 9824
U+2661dec: 9825
U+2662dec: 9826
U+2663dec: 9827
♠
♡
♢
♣
BLACK SPADE SUIT
WHITE HEART SUIT
WHITE DIAMOND SUIT
BLACK CLUB SUIT
♠
♠
♠
♡
♡
♢
♢
♣
♣
♣
U+2664dec: 9828
U+2665dec: 9829
U+2666dec: 9830
U+2667dec: 9831
♤
♥
♦
♧
WHITE SPADE SUIT
BLACK HEART SUIT
BLACK DIAMOND SUIT
WHITE CLUB SUIT
♤
♤
♥
♥
♥
♦
♦
♦
♧
♧
There is also a proposal by Michael Everson, dated 2004-05-18 to encode the 52 cards of the Anglo-American-French deck together with a character for “Playing Card Back” and another for a joker. [6]
References
Parlett, David. The Oxford Guide to Card Games. 1990. ISBN 0-19-214165-1.
Football is the name given to a number of different, but related, team sports. By far the most popular of these worldwide is Association football, which also goes by the name of soccer. The English language word football is also applied to Rugby football (Rugby union and Rugby league), North American football (American and Canadian), Australian rules football, and Gaelic football.Some of the many different codes of football.
While it is widely believed that the word football, or “foot ball”, originated in reference to the action of a foot kicking a ball, there is a rival explanation, which has it that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot.[1] These games were usually played by peasants, as opposed to the horse-riding sports often played by aristocrats. While there is no conclusive evidence for this explanation, the word football has always implied a variety of games played on foot, not just those that involved kicking a ball. In some cases, the word football has been applied to games which have specifically outlawed kicking the ball.
All football games involve scoring with a spherical or ellipsoidal ball (itself called a football), by moving the ball into, onto, or over a goal area or line defended by the opposing team. Many of the modern games have their origins in England, but many peoples around the world have played games which involved kicking and/or carrying a ball since ancient times.
The object of all football games is to advance the ball by kicking, running with, or passing and catching, either to the opponent’s end of the field where points or goals can be scored by, depending on the game, putting the ball across the goal line between posts and under a crossbar, putting the ball between upright posts (and possibly over a crossbar), or advancing the ball across the opponent’s goal line while maintaining possession of the ball.
In all football games, the winning team is the one that has the most points or goals when a specified length of time has elapsed.
References
Mandelbaum, Michael (2004); The Meaning of Sports; Public Affairs, ISBN 1586482521
Green, Geoffrey (1953); The History of the Football Association; Naldrett Press, London
Williams, Graham (1994); The Code War; Yore Publications, ISBN 1874427658
Blackjack, also known as twenty-one, is one of the most popular casino card games in the world. Much of blackjack’s popularity is due to the mix of chance with elements of skill, and the publicity that surrounds card counting (keeping track of which cards have been played since the last shuffle). Blackjack’s precursor was vingt-et-un (“twenty-one”), which originated in French casinos around 1700, and did not offer the 3:2 bonus for a two-card 21.
When blackjack was first introduced in the United States it wasn’t very popular, so gambling houses tried offering various bonus payouts to get the players to the tables. One such bonus was a 10-to-1 payout if the player’s hand consisted of the ace of spades and a black Jack (either the Jack of clubs or the Jack of spades). This hand was called a “blackjack” and the name stuck even though the bonus payout was soon abolished.
Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.
Variants
Spanish 21 provides players with many liberal blackjack rules, such as doubling down any number of cards (with the option to ‘rescue’, or surrender only one wager to the house), payout bonuses for five or more card 21′s, 6-7-8 21′s, 7-7-7 21′s, late surrender, and player blackjacks always winning and player 21′s always winning, at the cost of having no 10 cards in the deck (though there are jacks, queens, and kings). With correct basic strategy, a Spanish 21 game has a lower house edge than a comparable blackjack game. Another casino game similar to blackjack is Pontoon.
Certain rules changes are employed to create new variant games. These changes, while attracting the novice player, actually increase the house edge in these games. Double Exposure Blackjack is a variant in which the dealer’s cards are both face-up. This game increases house edge by paying even-money on blackjacks and players losing ties. Double Attack Blackjack has very liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one’s wager after seeing the dealer’s up card. This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe, and blackjacks only pay even money.
Chinese Blackjack is played by many in Asia, having no splitting of cards, but with other card combination regulations.
References
Blackjack
Beat the Dealer : A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One, Edward O. Thorp, 1966, ISBN 0394703103
Playing Blackjack as a Business, Lawrence Revere, 1998 (1971), ISBN 0-8184-0064-1
Professional Blackjack, Stanford Wong, 1994 (1975), ISBN 0935926216
The Theory of Blackjack, Peter Griffin, 1996 (1979), ISBN 0929712129
The World’s Greatest Blackjack Book, Lance Humble and Carl Cooper, 1980, ISBN 0-285-15382-1
Blackbelt in Blackjack, Arnold Snyder, 1998 (1980), ISBN 0910575053
Million Dollar Blackjack, Ken Uston, 1994 (1981), ISBN 0-89746-068-5
Ken Uston on Blackjack, Ken Uston, 1986, ISBN 0818404116
Knock-Out Blackjack, Olaf Vancura and Ken Fuchs, 1998, ISBN 0929712315
Mathematics of gambling
The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, Richard A. Epstein, 1977, ISBN 012240761X, 215-251
Luck, Logic, and White Lies: The Mathematics of Games, Joerg Bewersdorff, 2004, ISBN 1568812108, 121-134
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Professional boxing bout featuring Ricardo Dominguez (left) vs. Rafael Ortiz.
Sara Giauro shoots a three-point shot, FIBA Europe Cup for Women Finals 2005.
Picture of Fenway Park. Part of the “Green Monster” can be seen on the right side of this picture
Some typical Anglo-American playing cards.
Set of 52 playing cards
Some of the many different codes of football.
Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.
